Thyroid Masses
© William Herring, MD, FACR
Anterior Mediastinal Masses
Thyroid
Thymoma
Teratoma
Lymphoma
Substernal Thyroid
Substernal Thyroid
Location
Most (80%) arise from lower pole or isthmus
of thyroid and extend into anterior
mediastinum
Some (20%) arise from posterior aspect of
thyroid and extend into posterior
mediastinum
Almost always on right
Substernal Thyroid
Clinical
Most patients are asymptomatic
Thyrotoxicosis and carcinoma rare
Substernal Thyroid
Pathology
Usually nodular, colloid goiters
Typically well-encapsulated
May show degeneration (calcification)
Substernal Thyroid
Imaging-1
Sharply defined, smooth or lobulated soft
tissue mass
Characteristically displaces trachea
Usually do not project below arch of aorta
Differentiates them from thymomas and
teratomas
Substernal thyroid displaces the
trachea to the right
Substernal thyroid displaces the
trachea to the left
Substernal Thyroid
Imaging-2
When they occur posteriorly, they
characteristically interpose between
trachea in front and esophagus in back
Curvilinear calcifications highly
suggestive of a degenerated thyroid
adenoma
Two thyroid adenomas with
curvilinear calcification
Substernal Thyroid
CT Appearance
Usually contrast enhance and many
times contain calcification
Contrast enhancement is prolonged
Substernal thyroid enhances with contrast
and displaces trachea to the right
Substernal Thyroid
Diagnosis
Radioisotope scan is diagnostic
The End